<P>66The Military Engineer L January-February L 2010 was to investigate the toxicity and in- ?ammation potential of variously-sized copper nanoparticles. The research was conducted in collaboration with AFRL, using rats to assess the nanoparticles toxicity. It was shown that the nanopar- ticles did not produce a signi?cant de- gree of reactive oxygen species, which could be harmful to health. Air Transport Modeling to Develop Shelter-in-Place Strategies. Air trans- port models that have been developed to assess the fate and transport of pol- lutants were applied to develop shel- ter-in-place (SIP) strategies to be used in response to a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) event. A Gaussian plume model, which sim- ulates contaminant transport in the outdoor environment, was combined with an indoor box model to predict ex- posure of people taking shelter from a CBRN agent release. Model simulations showed that CBRN agent concentra- tions inside a shelter were sensitive to the timing of SIP actions. For instance, under some conditions, a delay of one minute in shutting down a shelters ventilation system could result in con- centration levels exceeding three times the acceptable level. The research dem- onstrated the criticality of implement- ing the SIP protocol immediately in the event of a CBRN agent release. Assessing Biodegradability of Poten- tial Fuel Additives. A variety of fuel ad- ditives are being considered to replace methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), an oxy- genate added to gasoline to promote cleaner and more complete combus- tion. Unfortunately, widespread use of MTBE has led to signi?cant groundwa- ter contamination problems. In one the- sis study, the rate and extent of aerobic degradation of potential replacement fuel oxygenates were determined. Us- ing gas chromatography, respirometry and biochemical oxygen demand tests, measurements were made to assess the biodegradability of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) and ethanol. Additionally, the study determined how the presence of tolu- ene, a component of fuel, affected the degradation rates. The study found that both TAME and ETBE degraded at less than 10 percent the rate of toluene deg- radation, while ethanol degraded more than 50 percent faster than toluene. The study also showed that the presence of toluene slowed the degradation of both ETBE and TAME. Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Pro- tect Against Nerve Agents. Physiolog- ically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been used in the past to predict the health effects of various environmental contaminants—for in- stance, trichloroethylene. In this stu- dent thesis, PBPK modeling was used to determine optimal therapeutic strate- gies for organophosphate (nerve agent) poisoning. The PBPK model developed for the study integrated organophos- phates and two antidotes: atropine and oximes. Model simulations clari?ed clinical observations that oximes may sometimes be ineffective—the model demonstrated when oxime administra- tion is appropriate and when, under certain exposure scenarios, it can cause more harm than good. Using Plants to Remediate Contami- nation. Phytoremediation uses plants to degrade contaminants. In a thesis study, modeling was used to help research- ers better understand how conditions in the plant root zone could enhance the aerobic degradation of trichloro- ethylene (TCE) in wetland bioreme- diation systems. The model simulated the movement of oxygen through the plant and into the root zone, where in- digenous bacteria reside. The bacterias biodegradation of TCE in the root zone also was simulated. Environmental conditions including humidity, meth- ane and copper concentrations, and soil carbon were varied in the model, as were the concentration and load- ing of TCE. Model simulations showed that low carbon, low copper, high oxy- gen and high methane concentrations facilitated bacterias TCE degradation in the root zone. The model developed in the study could be useful in design- ing wetland bioremediation systems to treat contamination. Evaluating an Innovative Technol- ogy to Remove Perchlorate from Water Supplies. Perchlorate contamination of drinking water is a signi?cant problem nationwide. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to predict the cost and performance of an innovative tech- nology that may be a cost-effective treat- ment for perchlorate-contaminated wa- ter. The ability to predict performance and cost accurately can facilitate the transfer and commercialization of in- novative technologies. In the study, a model was developed to predict tech- nology performance and lifecycle costs for removing perchlorate under vary- ing in?uent water quality and tech- nology operating conditions. Model simulations compared the cost and performance of the innovative technol- ogy with the conventional technology used to treat perchlorate-contaminated water—ion exchange. Model simula- tions showed that, depending on condi- tions, the innovative technology could be cost-competitive with ion exchange. Conclusion These examples demonstrate the groundbreaking research AFIT students conduct to address the emerging envi- ronmental challenges faced by DOD. Graduates of the program include Air Force civil and bioenvironmental engi- neering of?cers, Marine Corps environ- mental managers and Republic of Korea Army of?cers. The program also accepts both DOD and non-DOD civilians who hold U.S. citizenship. For more infor- mation, visit www.a?t.edu/en/env/en- vironmentengineeringscience.cfm. Lt. Col. Mark N. Goltz, Ph.D., P.E., F.SAME, USAF (Ret.), is Professor of Engineering and Environmental Management, Department of Systems and Engineering Management, Graduate School of Engineering and Man- agement, AFIT; 937-255-3636 ext. 4638, or mark.goltz@a?t.edu. 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